Researched
Quantum Tunneling in a Circuit
Nobel Prize 2025 for Clarke, Devoret and Martinis: quantum effects in hand-sized superconducting circuits, the basis of qubits.
Open in the interactive tree →In 1984/85 at Berkeley, John Clarke, Michel Devoret and John Martinis showed that an entire superconducting circuit can tunnel quantum-mechanically and has discrete energy levels. This led to the superconducting qubits of today's quantum computers (Google, IBM). The 2024 Physics Nobel Prize went to Hopfield and Hinton for the foundations of neural networks.