Researched
Universities
Bologna (1088), Paris and Oxford turn teaching and learning into lasting corporations: knowledge becomes institutional.
Open in the interactive tree →Older are Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez (859) and Al-Azhar in Cairo (around 970), regarded as the oldest continuously operating places of learning. European universities developed examinations, degrees (bachelor, master) and public disputation. They produced jurists, physicians and later natural philosophers such as Galileo and Newton.
Prerequisites
- Libraries~650 BC
- Philosophy~585 BC
- Plato's Academy387 BCPlato's Academy was the early model of a lasting community of teachers and students
- Roman Law (Corpus Juris)534Bologna grew from the study of Justinian's Digest
Unlocks
- Scientific Method~1600-1620
- Research University (Humboldt)1810
- Peer Review & Research Bodies1945-1975