Researched
Peer Review & Research Bodies
Expert review, public funding agencies (NSF 1950) and journals turn research into a planned, checked large-scale enterprise.
Open in the interactive tree →The Royal Society began publishing Philosophical Transactions in 1665, the first scientific journal. External review by fellow experts became routine at major journals and funders only in the 1960s and 70s. Vannevar Bush's 1945 report 'Science, the Endless Frontier' led to the US National Science Foundation (1950); agencies such as the German DFG and the Max Planck Society work along similar lines.
Prerequisites
- Universities1088
- Printing Press~1450
- Scientific Method~1600-1620
- Scientific Societies & Journals1665Journals and learned societies are the older system that peer review formalised
- Research University (Humboldt)1810Research universities supply the researchers and the culture of review
- Manhattan Project1942-1945Wartime science organisation led to Bush's 1945 blueprint for postwar research funding