Researched
Ecology and the ecosystem
Arthur Tansley coined 'ecosystem' in 1935 for living things and their surroundings as one system; Lindeman's 1942 energy-flow study made ecology quantitative.
Open in the interactive tree →Ernst Haeckel had named the field ecology in 1866. Raymond Lindeman's 1942 study of Cedar Bog Lake traced energy up food chains and showed that most of it is lost at each step.
Prerequisites
Unlocks
- Silent Spring1962Carson's case rested on ecosystem thinking: poisons move up food chains
- Recovering biodiversity2060s?Recovery of nature is planned and measured with ecosystem concepts